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The shortblock ("block"): The crankcase, and everything contained inside: Rods, pistons, bearings, crank, cylinders, etc.
This does not include the cylinder head ("top end"): valvetrain (valves, valvesprings, retainers), camshafts, intake and exhaust ports, rocker assemblies, etc.
If you're ever engine shopping, the long block will usually include both the block and the head, and may or may not include intake and exhaust manifolds, the throttle body, or sensors. It almost never includes the transmission or ECU.
A complete swap will include everything: block, head, manifolds, transmission, throttle body, and ECU. Most of the time, it also comes with your sensors, although they have a tendency to get damaged in shipping, and it's usually up to you to replace them.
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